Immunological Features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Induced by Indoor Pollution and Cigarette Smoke
نویسندگان
چکیده
1 Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2 Department of Immunology, Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center and National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 3 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
منابع مشابه
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: definition, aetiology and management.
(COPD) is preventable and treatable. It is characterised by airflow limitation which is not fully reversible and is progressive. The pathophysiological basis is an abnormal inflammatory response by the lung to inhaled noxious particles or gases, particularly cigarette smoke.1 In the developing world exposure to indoor air pollution, such as fumes from biomass fuels for cooking and heating, is a...
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